Logic

 Logic is the study of the correct way to think. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or of logic-based truths. It is a formal science that studies how conclusions emerge from premises in a topic-neutral way. The term"logic" is used in the sense of an uncountable noun. It refers to an official logical system that outlines proof systems. Formal logic differs from informal logic. Informal logic is associated with the theory of argumentation, errors and critical thinking. Although there isn't a consensus about the distinction between informal and formal logic, one way of identifying them is to recognize that they're different based on whether arguments are written in formal or informal language. The concept of logic is an integral part of many fields such as philosophy and computer science. The study of logic is based on arguments that are composed of preconditions, a set, and a conclusion. Premises and conclusions are usually described as sentences or propositions, and are characterized by their internal structure; complex propositions consist of simpler propositions connected to each other through connecting words like displaystyle land (and) or \displaystyle \to \to (if...then). The truth of a proposition is usually determined by the meanings of its constituents. The truth of logically true statements are the exception because their truth depends only on the logical language that is used rather than the meanings of the other terms.